Because present security doctrine depends heavily upon identification, it is necessary that a remote-access, resource-sharing system require positive identification of each terminal with which it communicates, and that the system be able to interrogate a terminal for its identification at any time. In addition, if the system is closed, the protection must be consistent with that specified for the overall system. However, the system design must be such that the system attempts to maintain maximum service to the greatest number of users. Each user (or specific group of users) shall be administratively designated (identified) to the computer system by the System Administrator, with the concurrence of the System Security Officer. The cognizant agency is neither specified nor stored. However, it is recognized that many installations have an operational need to serve both uncleared and cleared users, and recommendations addressed to this point are presented in Parts B through D. Cost. also report Wisconsin data that corroborate how … VI below, "Information Security Labels." A component may be a compartment, a special category, or a special access. As stated earlier, it is simpler to create a secure system in a closed environment than an open one, largely because of inadequacies in the present state of technology. Not only can he execute programs written in standard compiler languages, but he also can create new programming languages, write compilers for them, and embed them within the system. Certification of an overall system, determined on the basis of inspection and test results, shall be characterized in terms of the highest classification or most restrictive specific special-access categories that may be handled. System Access Definition is the vehicle for describing to the computer system those parameters that will affect an individual's access to information. The computer system will maintain a catalog of all users authorized to have access to it, and for each user will maintain the following information: The computer system will maintain the following information for each file: The system for automating multilevel security classification and control here described is entirely table driven. Both active and passive penetration techniques can be used against hardware leakage points. The system can be closed to uncleared users when classified information is resident; this is a simple and possible course of action. The program is suited for students in the natural sciences (e.g. A series of tests and inspections performed according to specifications established during the design certification phase to insure that the required set of security safeguards (hardware, software, and procedural) are in fact present and operational in the installed equipment, and on all communication links that will carry classified information to remote terminals or other computers. It will depend on the age of the software and hardware, but certainly security control will be cheapest if it is considered in the system architecture prior to hardware and software design. It is the experience of designers of multi-access, resource-sharing systems that even with the best and most ingenious designs, users of a system find ways of chaining together actions that were not foreseen by the designers and which, in many cases, lead to undesirable or disastrous consequences. 2), incorporate hardware techniques that have the effect of providing at least two distinct operating states: the user state and the supervisor state (also called worker or slave, and master or privileged, respectively). The Supervisor software must be so constructed that user identification and authentication word lists can be maintained as part of the normal operation of the system from the terminal designated for the System Security Officer who has sole responsibility for such lists. A special acknowledgment is due Thomas Chittenden, National Security Agency, Fort George G. Meade, Maryland, who rewrote the entire document to produce the all-important second draft. Thus, installation personnel need not know about or implement any part of the security control system; nor should they be expected or allowed to modify it. There may be an operational requirement to maintain continuity of service to a remote user in spite of communication circuit failure. In any event. This recommendation also applies to all remote equipment, such as other computers. Add to the accessible label set all labels to which the particular entry permits access. If the Supervisor software is designed to monitor the operating status of each remote station before sending information to it, the loss of a remote station is not a security threat, although such incidents must be reported to the System Security Officer. Physical location, including building location, room number, and the cognizant agency. This is regarded as an illegal use of the clearance control structure. These statements describe hierarchical relationships that exist between one of the clearances being defined in the component, and either another clearance within that component or a clearance from another component, respectively. Donations are tax-deductible as allowed by law. The precise mix of controls and safeguards necessary in any given case will depend on the operational environment, sensitivity of information, class of users, and types of service rendered, as noted above. Surrounding it in successive rings are decreasingly sensitive parts of the Supervisor. services, recordkeeping, work permits, jury duty . We specialize in exclusive, hard-hitting news on Defense Department programs, procurement and policymaking. System design must be such that faults — malfunctions of either the equipment or the Supervisor software — are readily detectable. Active infiltration is an attempt to enter the system so as to obtain data from the files or to interfere with data files or the system.[2]. Also, to the maximum extent possible, checks between security controls should cross system components; e.g., manual actions should be checked by equipment records, software checks of hardware should not depend on the hardware being checked. This consists of a Personnel Definition, describing all relevant parameters for the individuals permitted to use the system, except information dealing with security; a Terminal Definition, describing all relevant parameters for any terminals that may be connected to the system, except information dealing with security; and a Security Control Definition, describing all relevant security parameters. A second complete draft was written by Thomas Chittenden, and the final version by Willis H. Ware. For the purposes of the computer records, an individual granted (say) a national Top Secret clearance and access to information of Type A is automatically assumed to be cleared for all Type A information through the Top Secret level; this does not imply, however, that he is automatically authorized access to all levels of Type A information. In protecting classified information, there are differences of degree, and there are new surface problems, but the basic issues are generally equivalent. A user program may accidentally attempt to execute a prohibited instruction because the user has made a mistake in his programming; similarly, a sequence of instructions in a user program can inadvertently create a ''false instruction," one whose bit-pattern is undefined in the machine; this can give rise to unpredicted results, including bypassing security safeguards. It is not possible to make positive statements about the frequency with which internal self-checking must be performed. Comment: Transaction as used here includes such things as a user logging onto or off the system; the system granting a user access to a specified file; the merging of files by a user; the generation of new information to which a user assigns classification; changes made in a classified file by a user; and exchanges of information with another computer. The Personnel and Terminal Definitions are not discussed here, since they are installation dependent and are not within the scope of this Report. Design Certification. If such a procedure were to be implemented, the System Security Officer would need to be provided with a great deal of visually displayed information and with appropriate manual controls over system performance. Where possible, security controls should be designed to cross-check each other; e.g., operator input actions should be recorded automatically in the log, which is transmitted to the System Security Officer, thus minimizing the opportunity for an operator to take any undetected hostile action. At that time it was felt that because representatives from government agencies participated in the work of the Task Force, the information in the report would appear to be of an official nature, suggestive of the policies and guidelines that would eventually be established. [17], In the example just given, this means that the security officer must remove the user's Secret clearance before adding the user's Top Secret status to the system. It has been assumed that APPLE information is not labelled as such, but is to carry the codeword ALICE. Intermittent faults may go undetected because of error-correcting procedures in the system, or because the system may automatically repeat a faulting operation. When initiating a new operational mode, terminals in work areas not cleared to receive the information at the forthcoming level of operation must be disconnected from communication links with the computer (by certified electronic switching, unplugging, or manual operation of switches). Winning on the complex future battlefield requires technology solutions that create information dominance. Support Our Work $35 $50 $75 $100 $200 Other Special Category (or: Special-Access Category or Compartment). If the failed component (such as a magnetic drum, a section of core, or a second computer contains information required for security control and not available elsewhere in the system, the entire system must shut down or operate in a degraded mode. For example, the System Security Officer oversees all the protective features of the system, as well as controlling its operational security status. Comment: The consequence of this recommendation is to require that appropriate schemes for management of storage allocation and erasure of storage be incorporated into the system software and system operational features. Children's Health Defense ® is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization. Comment: This recommendation establishes the general principle on which user access to classified information within the system is granted. The second insures that no chains exist that lead to contradictions. All such events should be logged automatically, together with the operator's response and when deemed necessary the concurrence of the System Security Officer. If parts of the computer system (e.g., magnetic disc files, copies of printouts) contain unusually sensitive data. Second, the inclusion of this case would introduce a logical inconsistency in the security control processing described herein, thereby making it possible to circumvent the system. Procedures, regulations, and doctrine for some of these areas are already established within DOD, and are not therefore within the purview of the Task Force. Note that this is a necessary but not sufficient condition for access. the system must concurrently check all its internal protection mechanisms. In other computing systems, any facilities for security control would have to be specially installed. This set may be calculated as needed at log-on time or at security system update time (if the latter is used, on-line updating of a user's clearance by the System Security Officer cannot be allowed). Inside Defense, from the award-winning Inside the Pentagon family of newsletters, is the nation's best online news service for defense and aerospace professionals. The loss of some components may so seriously affect the operational performance and accuracy of the remainder of the system that it should be shut down for that reason, even though significant security controls continue to function. It also discusses a scheme whereby the System Security Officer can describe to the computing system that part of the total security structure with which his system must deal, as well as a means for inserting security parameters into the system. Specifications (procedures, tests, inspections) for subsequent certification reviews must be produced as part of the design certification process. The last item is considered relevant in order to permit maximum operational convenience. The REQUIRED LABELS are those other than the normal classification labels on a file. Survey questionnaires, administered to students, teachers, and school administrators who participate in a science assessment, are used to collect and report contextual information about students’ K-12 education and learning experience in and out of the classroom. The capability to tap or tamper with hardware may be enhanced because of deficiencies in software checking routines. There must be continuous surveillance of the operations area by fully cleared personnel. The highest classification level of information that may be transmitted to or from the terminal — i.e., the terminal clearance level. A computer system can malfunction in ways that are not readily noticeable to its operators; thus, it is conceivable that security controls can also malfunction or fail without noticeable evidence. Simplify resultant merge label by the following rules: Apply merge rules; i.e., if the left-hand side of a special merge rule matches the concatenated labels or a portion thereof, replace that portion by the right-hand side of the rule. it is convenient to introduce this new term. An individual designated as responsible for the overall management of all system resources, both the physical resources of the system and the personnel attached to it. Inside Defense, from the award-winning Inside the Pentagon family of newsletters, is the nation's best online news service for defense and aerospace professionals. In addition to overall policy guidance and to technical methods, there must be an effective set of management and administrative controls and procedures governing the flow of information to and from the computer system and over the movement and actions within the system environment of people and movable components (e.g., demountable magnetic tapes and discs, print-outs). Authentication words or techniques must be obtained from an approved source, or, alternatively, must be generated and distributed under the cognizance of the System Security Officer by approved techniques. 4. Its mission is to end childhood health epidemics by working aggressively to eliminate harmful exposures, hold those responsible accountable, and to establish safeguards so this never happens again. The science assessment is administered as a digtally based assessment. In the event of an automatically detected failure of a control mechanism, it is clear that the computing system must shift to a degraded mode of operation because of the risk of unauthorized divulgence. To help ensure our research and analysis are rigorous, objective, and nonpartisan, we subject our research publications to a robust and exacting quality-assurance process; avoid both the appearance and reality of financial and other conflicts of interest through staff training, project screening, and a policy of mandatory disclosure; and pursue transparency in our research engagements through our commitment to the open publication of our research findings and recommendations, disclosure of the source of funding of published research, and policies to ensure intellectual independence. Present technology offers no way to absolutely protect information or the computer operating system itself from all security threats posed by the human beings around it. Certification procedures should embrace various personnel responsibilities, tests and inspections to be performed and their conduct, the responsibilities of the System Security Officer, etc. A slightly modified version of the report — the only omissions were two memoranda of transmittal from the Task Force to the Chairman of the Defense Science Board and onward to the Secretary of Defense — was subsequently published as Rand Report R-609, Security Controls for Computer Systems. Since different files of the same name are unacceptable in a system, the system must (1) inform the user that his proposed name is unacceptable (without giving a reason), (2) prefix all file names with a user-unique code to guarantee dissimilarity of names, or (3) use some pseudo-random process to automatically generate file names. Note that information and dissemination labels, although required on information, are not included here as REQUIRED LABELS because at present their usage is neither standardized nor logically consistent. For each clearance in the clearance set, add all clearances implied by this particular clearance in either Internal or External Structure statements within the Security Component Definition; For each explicit clearance the user has been granted, including the new one being added (or excluding the old one being deleted), check to see if the requirements as stated in the Requirements statement(s) in the Security Component Definition are satisfied by the occurrence or absence of the clearances in the clearance set just generated according to the normal rules of Boolean expression evaluation. The INTERNAL and EXTERNAL STRUCTURE statements (i.e., internal and external to the particular component in question) are handled the same way by the system software. Defense (military), forces primarily intended for warfare Civil defense, the organizing of civilians to deal with enemy attacks; Defense industry, industry which manufactures and sells weapons and military technology; Self-defense, the use of force to defend oneself; Haganah (Hebrew for "The Defence"), a paramilitary organization in … An essential aspect of effective control is standardization of activities and the need for standards throughout the system. Comment: There are two technical points involved in this recommendation, as well as a delicate question of balancing tight security control against user service. There are two prime organizational leakage points, personnel security clearances and institutional operating procedures. . In local-access systems, all elements are physically located within the computer central facility; in remote-access systems, some units are geographically distant from the central processor and connected to it by communication lines. It is almost impossible to identify and protect against all possible failure modes of a system. In the event of a failure in the Supervisor software or in the hardware resulting in an operational malfunction, the system must be restarted at the appropriate clearance level by an approved restart procedure as a part of returning it to operational status in the same mode. The specific techniques and tests required to insure sanitization of storage media, as required in the preceding paragraph, shall be at the discretion of a Responsible Authority. However, there is the recurring question of the risk of inadvertent disclosure of classified information through software, hardware, or a combination of failures; in such a case, it would be necessary to prove that a single failure or a combination of failures cannot occur. Where tests show that the overall system can effectively maintain the integrity of boundaries between portions of the system, certification may differ for various portions (i.e., for "subsystems"). The system should be reliable from a security point of view. A possible benefit of internal encryption may be that it reduces the scope of system certification to more manageable proportions. The Supervisor must have provision for bringing the computing system into operational status in an orderly manner. In times of crisis or urgent need, the system must be self:protecting in that it rejects efforts to capture it and thus make it unavailable to legitimate users. ), the program library, and the utility programs (e.g., sort programs, file copying programs, etc.). 2, is based on the levels of computing capability available to the user. However, a terminal not authorized to access the system in the new mode should not be given any information about the specific classification status of the new mode. The machine room staff must have the capability and responsibility to control the movement of personnel into and within the central computing area in order to insure that only authorized individuals operate equipment located there, have access to removable storage media, and have access to any machine parts not ordinarily open to casual inspection. However, system designers should be aware that the phenomena of retentivity in magnetic materials is inadequately understood, and is a threat to system security. For example, A requires B, B requires C, C requires NOT A, would form an inconsistent set of clearances in which clearance A could never be granted. By extension, the concept can be applied to equipment. This technique may be restricted to taking advantage of system protection inadequacies in order to commit acts that appear accidental but which are disruptive to the system or to its users, or which could result in acquisition of classified information. It is assumed, though, that the operating environment possess the following features: Since the operating environment is not discussed in further detail, the implementation of the security system is specified only at the level of the logical processing that insures the integrity of the security system. In the absence of parity checks throughout the machine configuration, equivalent error-detecting procedures must be incorporated into the software. Mechanisms such as described above should be sufficient for accommodating any specific situations that may arise, assuming the appropriate universal groups have been predefined. Comment: The importance of standards is a subtle philosophical point. . Those of particularly high sensitivity such as routines for controlling access to classified files must be given extraordinary attention during the debugging phase. The attached report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Technology Base Strategy was prepared at the request of the Director of Defense Research and Engineering. The operating system[1] switches control from one job to another in such a way that advantage is taken of the machine's most powerful — and most expensive — resources. It is not possible to consider explicitly all the changes that must take place in a computer system for a change in operational clearance level. The means employed to achieve system security objectives shall be based on any combination of software, hardware, and procedural measures sufficient to assure suitable protection for all classification categories resident in the system. Therefore, the approach has been to conceive a scheme in which only the structure of the security control procedures need be described to programming personnel. Questions about how to homeschool in Maryland? Dr. Szostak was appointed chair of the science advisory board in August 2011. On each addition or deletion of a user clearance, a check will be made that the user exists; that (on addition) the clearance exists and has not already been granted to the user; and (on deletion) that the user does, in fact, have the clearance to be deleted. The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. 2, the broad range of user software capabilities inherent in systems of Types III and IV implies that a much more complex Supervisor is required for them. The most obvious method of passive infiltration is the wire tap. The success of a venture such as this depends upon the personal dedication and volunteer participation of the individuals involved. Personnel control. File control procedures include those for identifying the cognizant agency of each file, scheduling changes for files, modifying access restrictions of files, giving operators access to demountable files, moving files into and out of the computing area, pre-operator handling of files (including mounting and demounting of tapes and discs), and sanitization of files. We recommend that this area be further explored. Further control seems unnecessary, but should it be desired, mechanisms similar to those already specified can be used. Update of a user's clearance status by the security officer can be done if and only if the user is not logged onto the system. Cleared users operating with classified information through appropriately protected terminals and communication links. Risk Level. A basic principle underlying the security of computer systems has traditionally been that of isolation-simply removing the entire system to a physical environment in which penetrability is acceptably minimized. DFSC-hosted courses include training sessions on laboratory capabilities for special agents and trial/defense counsels. The choice of technique or device obviously will depend on the sensitivity of the data resident within the computing system, the physical location of the user terminal, the security level to which it and its communication links are protected, the set of users that have access to it at any time, etc. Obviously then, a constraint is that a secure computer system must be consonant with the existing security classification structure. If a label appears in the concatenated label set, consider it. A series of tests and inspections that establish that the safeguards designed into the hardware and software of the system are operative, function as intended, and collectively constitute acceptable controls for safeguarding classified information. However, there is some overlap between the various areas, and when the application of security controls to computer systems raises a new aspect of an old problem, the issue is discussed. The Defense Forensic Science Center, known as the DFSC, is the DoD’s premier forensic center. Our Mission. Note that classification labels are not mentioned, since the particular labels accessed by a given clearance can always be determined. Redundancy might take such forms as duplicate software residing in different parts of the memory; software checks that verify hardware checks, and vice versa; self-checking hardware arrangements; error-detecting or error-correcting information representations; duplication of procedural checks; error-correcting internal catalogs and security flags; or audit processes that monitor the performance of both software and hardware functions. Security assurance implies an independent group that continuously monitors security provisions in the computer system. Albright is the first chair of Defense Policy Board appointed since the completion of Secretary of Defense Austin’s zero-based review of all DoD advisory boards and committees. Comment: The intent of this recommendation is to provide procedures analogous to those for handling documents, as specified in Section 3 of Executive Order 10501 (Amended) The recommendation on information structure and transforms leaves unspecified whether a computer-based file is classified as an entity, or whether the individual entries or elements of the file are separately classified. An inadvertent divergence of classified information by the system is analogous to a cleared person finding a classified document for which he is not authorized access. USACIL is the only full service forensic laboratory in the DoD and trains special agents and investigators from the Army, Air Force, Navy, and Marines in the Special Agent Laboratory Training Course, and manages the CID criminalistics and visual information programs. At present, it is not deemed necessary to provide the capability to be able to syntactically distinguish between authorization group identifiers and user identifiers. from 8 AM - 9 PM ET. Certification. He has over 20 years of experience in commercial and highly classified aerospace, defense and cyber industries. An individual designated by a Responsible Authority as specifically responsible for (1) proper verification of personnel clearances and information-access authorizations; (2) determination of operational system security status (including terminals); (3) surveillance and maintenance of system security; (4) insertion of security parameters into the computing system, as well as general security-related system matters; (5) security assurance.
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