The government is emphasizing the development of the private sector, encouraging investment, and is committing increased funds for health care and education. The Human Capital Index (HCI) database provides data at the country level for each of the components of the Human Capital Index as well as for the overall index, disaggregated by gender. Not much is known about Tonga before European contact because of the lack of a writing system during prehistoric times other than the oral history told to the early European explorers. Social life is characterized as 'anarchical' (Colson, 1970a: 87). In addition to these two determinants of one's social hierarchy, there is a structured class system based on the prestige of one's family. While exposed to colonial forces, Tonga has never lost indigenous governance, a fact that makes Tonga unique in the Pacific and boosts confidence in the monarchical system. By the time it comes to the 10th Tu’i Tonga Momo, and his successor, ‘Tu’itatui, the empire had already stretched from Tikopia in the west to Niue in the east. Women worked at a "work house" where they weaved reeds and other supplies for the houses. They also pulled the roots that are used to make kava as mentioned in the Art/Architechure/Technology section. ), household consumption: 99.4% (2017 est. You may have already requested this item. "The Tongan (Polynesian) civilization was organized in tribal/family groups called "ha'a". Then, around that time, these islanders were suddenly replaced by a new branch of humanity that originated from the Bismarck Archipelago off Papua New Guinea. The British High Commission in Tonga closed in March 2006. To appease the activists, in 2008, King George TUPOU V announced he was relinquishing most of his powers leading up to parliamentary elections in 2010; he died in 2012 and was succeeded by his brother ‘Aho’eitu TUPOU VI. Tribute to the chiefs was paid twice a year. In addition, the rapidly increasing population is already too great to provide the constitutionally mandated 8.25 acre (33,000 m2) api for each male at age 16. Neoclassical economics as-sumes that people are highly rational and can reason their way through even the most complex economic problems. [9] The newcomers were already well adapted to the resource-scarce island life and settled in small communities of a few households[9] on beaches just above high tide line that faced open lagoons or reefs. PEST Analysis: Tonga. The legislation allowed the government to exert control over coverage of "cultural" and "moral" issues, ban publications it deemed offensive, and ban foreign ownership of the media. It doesn't appear that population pressure was a problem, because most Lapitan islands were sparsely inhabited and could have supported much higher populations, especially if they had turned more towards available root crops. 51 Differentiate between Centralized and Decentralized Management . )exports of goods and services: 22.8% (2017 est. Decades of archaeological excavations of ancient Lapita kitchens and middens (refuse piles) both in Tongatapu and Haʻapai have taught us much about early Tongan settlement. ), total: 3,703subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3.49 (2019 est. This, and the final essay on modem political organization, deal more explicitly than the rest with contemporary changes in Tonga social structure. The dates of the initial settlement of Tonga are still subject to debate; nonetheless, one of the oldest occupied sites is found in the village of Pea on Tongatapu. He held the chiefly title of Tu'i Kanokupolu, but was baptised with the name King George Tupou I. Details - The World Factbook. Taro, yam, breadfruit, and banana became principal carbohydrate sources, and domesticated animals came to represent much more of the diet. ), forest revenues: 0.03% of GDP (2018 est. Some of the poor, once supported by the extended family, are now being left without visible means of support. Found inside – Page 37In the multicultural and pluralistic structure of Australia, however, the dominant culture of AngloSaxon tradition, ... But most, if not all, Tongans and other Island ethnic minorities are not members of these two social classes anyway, ... However, religion is also a social institution, as it involves patterns of beliefs and behavior that help a society meet its basic needs, to recall the definition of social institution in Chapter 5 "Social Structure and Social Interaction". Tongan Lapita designs were simpler than western Lapita designs, evolving from ornate curvilinear and rectilinear patterns into simple rectilinear forms. [41] The government agreed that elections would be held in 2008 in which a majority of the parliament would be elected by popular vote. Social Structure - Tonga. Tonga's social structure was divided into three distinct groups: the king, who occupied the highest rank, nobles, and the commoners who held the lowest rank. [10] Settlement grew around most of the lagoon in Tongatapu and villages finally reached the interior of the main island. Reconciling population and social expectations in Japan 13 October 2021. On 29 May 2008, in the speech from the throne at the opening of Parliament, Princess Regent, Salote Mafile'o Pilolevu Tuita announced that the government would introduce a political reform bill by June 2008, and that the current term of Parliament would be the last one under the current constitution[51], In July 2008, three days before his coronation, King George Tupou V announced that he would relinquish most of his power and be guided by his Prime Minister's recommendations on most matters, following upcoming elections. Only two hundred years after arriving, the Lapitan settlers ceased to decorate their earthenware pots at all, and the only thing the leading contemporary Tongan archaeologist can say about the disappearance is that, “Unfortunately most explanations are based on inferential speculation, and they are difficult to validate with any degree of certainty. After the newspaper obtained two court orders, it was again distributed freely. Click "GET BOOK" on the book you want. Tongans are ardent churchgoers. The Elections resulted in the DPFI winning 14 seats - enough for Pohivia to form government without relying on nobles' or independent MPs. The islands were not fully surveyed until 1898, when the British warships HMS Egeria (1873) and HMS Penguin (1876) completed the task. [29] This name is no longer used except by historians. Laden Sie funny structure poster und kunst von unabhängigen Künstlern aus der ganzen Welt zusammen. [17] The success of the Empire was largely based upon the Imperial Navy. While this project identified some important elements of Tongan definitions of happiness and well-being, there is still a greater need for more in-depth research on this topic in . Tonga is a member of the Commonwealth and of the United Nations. )carbon dioxide emissions: 0.13 megatons (2016 est. The main occupation of the Tonga is land cultivation (maize is the main crop); some of them engage in cattle raising. The Tonga social structure contains vestiges of the tribal system, such as secret societies and matrilineal kin groups. This Selected Issues paper assesses the fiscal risk impact of various events in Tonga and describes the challenges implied for fiscal management. Tonga is traditionally a matriarchal society, meaning women hold higher social standing than men. Public Service Code of Ethics and Conduct 2. 1.ii. [8], Another useful technology was their eponymous pottery with “dentate” impressions and simple designs that were characteristic of all Lapita settlements in the South Pacific. Tonga has a reasonably sound basic infrastructure and well developed social services. The first Europeans arrived in 1616, when the Dutch explorers Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire spotted Tongans in a canoe off the coast of Niuatoputapu, and the famous Abel Tasman followed soon after. [54], In April 2010 the Legislative Assembly enacted a package of political reforms towards a fully representative democracy, increasing the number of directly elected people's representatives from 9 to 17,[55] with ten seats for Tongatapu, three for Vavaʻu, two for Haʻapai and one each for Niuas and ʻEua. Found inside – Page 256Powdermaker , Hortense , " Communication and Social Change , Based on a Field Study in Northern Rhodesia ... 1953 ; " Ancestral Spirits and Social Structure among the Plateau Tonga * International Archives of Ethnology , XLVII , No. Social Structures is a book that examines how structural forms spontaneously arise from social relationships. Those papers denied licenses under the new act included the Taimi 'o Tonga (Tongan Times), the Kele'a and the Matangi Tonga, while those permitted licenses were uniformly church based or pro-government. Tongan canoes, with sails and cabins, and two Tongan men paddling a smaller canoe in the foreground; derived from "Boats of the Friendly Isles" a record of Cook's visit to Tonga, 1773–4. One is derived from the father and represents his 'chiwongo' whilst 'fuko' (clan) represents the mothers side of the family. [20] Kau'ulufonua's mother was a Samoan from Manu'a,[21] Tu'i Tonga Kau'ulufonua II and Tu'i Tonga Puipuifatu had Samoan mothers and as they married Samoan women the succeeding Tu'i Tongas - Vakafuhu, Tapu'osi, and 'Uluakimata - were allegedly more "Samoan" than "Tongan."[22]. Foreign affairs of the Kingdom of Tonga were conducted through the British Consul. Despite the protests, the Media Operators Bill and constitutional amendment passed the Legislature and as of December 2003 needed only the King's signature to become law. Obligations and responsibilities are reciprocal, and although the nobility are able to extract favors from people living on their estates, they likewise must extend favors to their people. These mats, including the Maneafaingaa and Tasiaeafe, are considered the crown jewels of the current Tupou line[16] (which is derived matrilineally from Samoa). (Child welfare, Tongatapu.) More energy supportive food sources allowed a population explosion. Today these people are named the Lapita, after the location in New Caledonia where they were first noticed archaeologically. [7] At original Lapita sites, 24% of bird bones came from chickens, which increased after the Polynesian transformation into 81%, marking probably the demise of other bird species as well as an increased reliance on domesticated species.[10]. [17] The large navy allowed for Tonga to become wealthy with large amounts of trade and tribute flowing into the Royal Treasury. Politically the Tonga were said to be 'stateless' (Colson, 1970a: 207) and 'amorphous' (Colson, 1970b: 36). A detailed ethnographic and historical analysis of how traditional Tongan values continue to play key roles in the way that Tongans make their way in the modern world. If the hypothesis is correct, then there must have been some strong sibling rivalry to entice someone to fall upon places as far away as New Zealand, Hawaiʻi, and Easter Island. A key exercise in project management is to align the organization to an organizational structure that most effectively contributes organization resources to the business goals in lieu of business constraints. In response the falefā was created as political advisors to the Empire. The major systems of stratification are slavery, estate systems, caste systems, and class systems. Found inside – Page 31One of the most influential works was Elizabeth Colson ́s book The Social Consequences of Resettlement (1971) on the ... in the Tonga community organization, social structure, political life, economic system, ecological adaptation, ... When shell pieces were too brittle for tools, they utilized volcanic soils for “andesite/basalt used for adze manufacture and other artifacts such as oils as hammerstones, weaving weights, cooking stones, and decorative pebbles for grave decoration.”[10] If they were lucky, they obtained harder obsidian shards from the far northern fringe volcano of Tafahi in the Niuas. [57][58] The aristocracy would still select its nine representatives, while all remaining seats, which were previously appointed by the monarch, would be abolished. But the government faces high unemployment among the young, moderate inflation, pressures for democratic reform, and rising civil service expenditures. A social enterprise, we connect and inform 1,008,000+ development, health, humanitarian, and sustainability professionals through . The more kids with . Register now and create a free account to access unlimited books, fast download, ad-free and books in good quality! [7] The skies hosted three different species of fruit bats, three different species of pigeon, and more than two dozen other types of birds. ), general assessment: high speed Internet provided by 3 MNOs, has subsequently allowed for better health care services, faster connections for education and growing e-commerce services; in 2018 new 4G LTE network; fixed-line teledensity has dropped given mobile subscriptions; mobile technology dominates given the island's geography; satellite technology is widespread and is important especially in areas away from the city; the launch in 2019 of the Kacific-1 broadband satellite has made broadband more widely available for around 89 remote communities (2020)domestic: fixed-line 6 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular teledensity 59 telephones per 100; fully automatic switched network (2019)international: country code - 676; landing point for the Tonga Cable and the TDCE connecting to Fiji and 3 separate Tonga islands; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2020)note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments, 1 state-owned TV station and 3 privately owned TV stations; satellite and cable TV services are available; 1 state-owned and 5 privately owned radio stations; Radio Australia broadcasts available via satellite (2019), total: 43,889percent of population: 41.25% (July 2018 est. Oceania. 1958 Marriage and the Family Among the Plateau Tonga of Northern Rhodesia. Found inside – Page 242SOCIAL STRUCTURE In a society with bio-degradable lodgings, tools, and produce, it is difficult to determine an accurate representation of early Tonga's social structure. Without a formal governing structure, the people made their ... ), municipal solid waste generated annually: 17,238 tons (2012 est. In Tonga, in spite of superficial appearances to the contrary, non-capitalist forms . The Tongan archipelago is comprised of 176 islands, 36 of which are inhabited by a population of approximately 106,000. Obligations and responsibilities are reciprocal, and although the . )industry: 20.3% (2017 est. always present. This page was last edited on 17 November 2021, at 23:56. behavior exist within the social structure, immediate situations and people are of major. Radiocarbon dating of a shell found at the site reportedly dates the occupation at 3180 ± 100 BP (Before Present). • Conflicts and Grievances. The ELAC offers instruction at seven levels of proficiency: low beginner, beginner, elementary, low intermediate, intermediate, high intermediate and advanced. The victims are calling the church to provide a better response. ), at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female0-14 years: 1.03 male(s)/female15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female25-54 years: 0.99 male(s)/female55-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2020 est. p230, Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse, http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/objectdetails.aspx?oid=535267&coltype=pacific%20cultures®no=fe011574, "Note Upon the Natives of Savage Island, or Niue", 10648/877f659e-35ce-4059-945e-294a4d05d29c, http://planet-tonga.com/language_journal/Emancipation_in_Tonga/index.shtml, Recent Advances in the Archaeology of the Fiji/West-Polynesia Region", "Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology", "Geraghty, P., 1994. Tropical Cyclone Gita, the strongest-ever recorded storm to impact Tonga, hit the islands in February 2018 causing extensive damage. By the 12th century, Tongans, and the Tongan kings named the Tu'i Tonga, were known across the Pacific, from Niue, Samoa to Tikopia. Tonga social structure contains matrilineages, matriclans, cross-cousin marriage, and neolocal postmarital residence. The Haʻamonga is 5 meters high and made of three coral-lime stones that weigh more than 40 tons each. Auckland: David Bateman. At that point, concerns over financial irregularities and calls for democracy led to his relinquishing most of his day-to-day powers over the government.[35]. Tourism is the second-largest source of hard currency earnings following remittances. Captain Cook welcomed on the island of Haapai, 1777 (1930 engraving), Vavaʻu (Tonga) girls playing traditional games, circa 1800; perhaps Malaspina's voyage of 1793. Linguistic evidence for the Tongan empire", "Monumentality in the development of the Tongan maritime chiefdom", "Tonga becomes a protectorate to the United Kingdom", "Tonga's king centre piece in sedition court case against politicians and journalists", "Jury finds Tongan Speaker guilty of bribery", https://web.archive.org/web/20100609173107/http://www.matangitonga.to/article/tonganews/crime/riot161106.shtml, Pro-democracy MP ʻAkilisi Pōhiva arrested, "Tongan pro-democracy leader released on bail, facing charges of sedition", Pro-democracy MPs mostly returned in Tonga - Radio New Zealand, "TBC's censorship committee makes its mark on coming election", "Reporting restrictions in Tonga criticised by region", "Tonga and Zimbabwe have something in common - restriction on free speech", "Tonga political reform to begin next month", "His Majesty King George Tupou V- A Monarch for a time of change", "Commission pessimistic over ability of Assembly to meet 2010 election deadline", "Tonga Parliament enacts political reforms", "Tonga parliament votes on amended boundaries", "Tonga's pro-democracy movement hails assembly reform", "Civics education vital ahead of Tonga election, says advocate", "Absence of PM from opening of Parliament questioned", "King prepares to hand over powers after election in Tonga", "Tonga: Fale Alea (Legislative Assembly)", "Parliament rejects a Bill to change Tonga's electoral system", "Tonga Democrats to table more reform plans", "Dawn of a New Era: Pohiva is the first elected commoner to be PM", "Tongan democracy activist becomes first commoner elected as PM", Tonga Visitors Bureau, Ministry of Tourism, Kingdom of Tonga, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Tonga&oldid=1055815314, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from November 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2016, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Corbett, Jack, Wouter Veenendaal, and Lhawang Ugyel. )3.5% (2015 est. the Tongan linguistic analogue is "to'onga," see, Kie Hingoa 'Named Mats, 'Ie Toga 'Fine Mats' and Other Treasured Textiles of Samoa and Tonga. • HIV/AIDS. "Travelling Gods and Nasty Spirits. Life began to change drastically for Haʻapaians at the same time that ornate pottery was replaced by a strictly utilitarian plain ware kit, and it is at this time that the people may be called Polynesian. Collection PHOTO 3 - Tonga Social Services Survey photographs; 36 more. 53 In Tonga, many local cultural practices enhance abundance, but whether Tonga is in the middle of an obesity epidemic is highly disputable, both because of the Eurocentered criteria adopted and the lack of representative samples. )services: 59.8% (2017 est. ), number of registered air carriers: 1 (2020)inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 1, total: 51,524 to 2,437 m: 1914 to 1,523 m: 3under 914 m: 1 (2013), total: 680 km (2011)paved: 184 km (2011)unpaved: 496 km (2011), total: 36by type: bulk carrier 1, container ship 4, general cargo 14, oil tanker 1, other 16 (2020), major seaport(s): Nuku'alofa, Neiafu, Pangai, Tonga Defense Services: Joint Force headquarters, Territorial Forces, Land Force, Tonga Navy, Training Wing, Air Wing, and Support Unit (2021), the Tonga Defense Services have approximately 500 personnel (2021), the Tonga military's inventory includes mostly light weapons and equipment from European (primarily the UK) countries and the US, as well as naval patrol vessels from Australia; Australia is the only supplier of military systems since 2010 (2020), Volunteers, 18-25; no conscription (2019), total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030, Children under the age of 5 years underweight, International law organization participation, Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income, Household income or consumption by percentage share, Electricity - installed generating capacity, Electricity - from other renewable sources, Civil aircraft registration country code prefix, Military and security service personnel strengths, Military equipment inventories and acquisitions, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI). )services: 2,006% (2006 est. Hierarchy and protest in contemporary Tonga. The country remains dependent on external aid and remittances from overseas Tongans to offset its trade deficit. Wir drucken funny structure poster und kunst im Internet. Manners and customs. Only 36 islands are inhabited. Concerning the Tuʻi Haʻatakalaua supporters: when this division arose, in the 15th century, they were of course the Kauhalalalo. On 18 January 2007 Pōhiva was arrested [44] and charged with sedition[45] over his role in the 2006 Nuku'alofa riots. [36] The nine nobles and all the cabinet ministers that sit in the Legislative Assembly generally support the government. [12] As the ancestral homeland of the Tu'i Tonga dynasty and the abode of deities such as Tagaloa 'Eitumatupu'a, Tonga Fusifonua, and Tavatavaimanuka. [8] Not just in Tonga, but throughout the South Pacific is a tradition of passing down land to eldest sons. Found inside – Page 91Communication, Kinship, and Classification Structures in Oceania Per Hage, Frank Harary ... which clearly and succinctly delineates the basic principles of Tongan social structure , including the relation between kinship rank and ... )industry: 27.5% (2006 est. Tonga. Tonga's western islands are volcanic (four with active volcanoes) and sit well above sea level. [56] All of the seats are single-seat constituencies, as opposed to the multi-member constituencies used before. ), total subscriptions: 62,104subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 58.48 (2019 est. Ozeanien. Found insideSocial structure The Tonga are divided into clans (several families who claim descent from a common ancestor or ancestors]. The family. headed by the husband. is the core of the social structure. but descent is traced through the female ... The other great mystery is why the ornate pottery tradition disappeared, and with such speed. 3. Each level can be completed in one term of full-time study. [10] Nothing can be said with certainty except that the same disappearance also occurred in Fiji and Samoa. [8] Just as their Polynesian descendants do today. [11], The Tuʻi Tonga decline began due to numerous wars and internal pressure. Agricultural exports, including fish, make up two-thirds of total exports. Other denominations followed, including Pentecostals, Mormons, Seventh-day Adventists, and most recently the Bahá'í faith. All businesses start with an idea. (Back of AA16a) Item AA17a - Fa'ahivalu & 'Ainise Taumoepeau in . Tonga Review criticised the decision as an undue restriction on freedom of speech. Increased Tolerance: Inclusion is better for kids without special needs than keeping kids with special needs isolated. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Vacancies: Senior Statistician, Statistician, Senior Statistical Assistant and Statistical Clerk - CLOSED. Therefore, Tonga can be thought of as a matriarchal society. Found inside – Page 27Social. structure. Tonga belongs to the chiefly societies in Western Polynesia. Chiefly societies are well- known for their extensive social stratification which is obviously well-expressed by the Tongan statement: 'In Tonga nobody is ... Tonga joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970, and the United Nations in 1999. Lowell D Holmes in his book, 'The Stability and Change in a Samoan Village, 1958' reported that one early observer of the cultural scene maintained that while other Polynesians worshipped deities, the Samoans worshipped their own political structure. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Some societies are more open in this regard, while some are more closed. [30], King George Tupou I of the Friendly Islands, 1852, Siege of a Tongan village during the expedition of Dumont d'Urville, 1863, Tongan seaman during the Challenger Expedition, 1874. The social and economic structure of a sample of peri-urban villages, Blantyre-Limbe, Nyasaland by D. G Bettison ( Book ) 3 editions published . Social and economic reasons have changed attitudes and the very poor attention to the care of the aged and handicapped. Tangaloa, the chief Tongan god before the arrival of Christianity, was a younger sibling who created Tonga while searching for land from a canoe. By the mid-1500s, some Tu’i Tongans were ethnic Samoan and day-to-day administration of Tonga was transferred to a new position occupied by ethnic Tongans.Dutch sailors explored the islands in the 1600s and British Captain James COOK visited Tonga three times in the 1770s, naming them the Friendly Islands for the positive reception he thought he received, even though the Tongans he encountered were plotting ways to kill him. Howe (ed.) 1998. )$110 million note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est. 24. Tongan Archaeology and the Tongan Past, 2850-150 B.P. Tonga is a constitutional monarchy with two levels of government, local and national. A Media Operators Bill and constitutional amendment, intended to restrict media freedom in Tonga, was hotly debated in 2003. Guide to Doing Test Papers. Methodist services usually follow a call and response structure. [35], In November 2009, a constitutional review panel recommended a ceremonial monarchy stripped of real political power and to invest political power in a completely elected Legislative Assembly of Tonga (the Fale Alea) which, up to this point was largely hereditary due to the fact that most of the seats where designated for the nobles. Found inside – Page 226Agent-based Modeling of Social and Spatial Processes Timothy A. Kohler, George J. Gumerman, George G. Gumerman, ... The modeler used archaeological, ethnohistorical, and oral history accounts of Tongan social structure to construct the ... This attitude is taught from a very young age. In the 1830s, a low-ranking chief from Ha’apai began to consolidate control over the islands and won the support of the missionaries by declaring that he would dedicate Tonga to God. Tonga is two roughly parallel chains of around 170 islands in the south-western Pacific. Details. The Langi are low, very flat, two or three tier pyramids that mark the graves of former kings. In the 13th or 14th century Samoa defeated Tu'i Tonga Talakaifaiki under the lead of the Malietoa family. He mapped several islands. Found inside – Page 54The ramifying ranking system of Tonga will serve to illustrate . CASE 9 : TONGAN SOCIAL STRUCTURE The Tongan Islands had an aboriginal population of some 25,000 . They were grouped into territorial units conceptualized as the lands of ... How to end an essay about ocean pollution. ), urban population: 23.1% of total population (2021)rate of urbanization: 0.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est. On 4 June 1970, protected state status ended under arrangements established prior to her death in 1965 by the third monarch, Queen Sālote. The Goroka 2016 consultation was an opportunity His successor, Kauʻulufonua I pursued the killers all the way to ʻUvea, where he killed them. Instead, they feasted mainly on life in the sea: parrotfish, wrasses, turtles, surgeonfish, jacks, eels, emperors, bottom-dwellers, shellfish, and the occasional deep water tuna. Journal of the Polynesian Society, Special Issue 108(2), June 1999, see Songs and Poems of Queen Salote edited by, Nationaal Archief, archiefinventaris 1.11.01.01 inventarisnummer 121, scan 85. The dividing line between the two moieties was the old coastal road named Hala Fonua moa (dry land road). One point to be noted about the Tonga society is that every individual has two common family names.
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